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CISCO SYSTEMS S E CO N D Q UA RTE R 2 0 0 1 PAC K E T 61 Light I ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? high-capacity network, go optical. But if you want to build a very high-capacity, intelligent net- work at the most economical cost per bandwidth unit, you need two technologies: optical networking and IP. The latest generation of optical network solutions has dramatically lowered the cost of deployment, provisioning, and operations over traditional architectures, while IP shines as the de facto standard for business and consumer applications. The sheer variety and sophistication of today’s IP applica- tions require intelligent networks that can support the unique
characteristics of data, voice, and video traffic—at blazing
speeds. “IP is absolutely critical to any application’s success in
the future; almost without exception, today’s applications take
advantage of IP features to deliver such things as quality of
service and data recovery,” says Roger Farnsworth, director of
marketing for Cisco’s Optical Networking Group. The
connectionless aspect of IP is extremely attractive—just
connect to a network anywhere in the world, get an IP address,
and you’re on line. As the Internet grows, that will only
increase in importance. “Some people contend that IP will
soon be replaced with pure-wavelength delivery. That’s
patently ridiculous. When you look at things like multicast,
service delivery, and broadband aggregation, it’s intelligent net-
work services that are the differentiator and—for the forsee-
able future—that intelligence can only be provided by
electrical, IP-based services.” The proper blend of IP and optical technologies yields a quantum leap forward in capacity, capability, and flexibility. “If C i s c o ’s I P + O p t i c a l s o lu t i o n s e x pa n d c a pa c i t y a n d p r o v i d e a f o u n dat i o n f o r p r o f i ta b l e s e rv i c e d e l i v e ry. Intelligent Light ANDY LACKOW Reprinted with permission from Packet™ magazine (Volume 13, No. 2), copyright © 2001 by Cisco Systems,Inc. All rights reserved. 10B_IP+Optical.txxp 4/24/01 08:37 AM Page 61 62 PAC K E T S E CO N D QUARTER 2001 CISCO SYSTEMS you can incorporate network intelligence into
a high-capacity transport network, you can
more quickly and easily support new types of
IP applications as they become available,” says
Farnsworth. Cisco offers an end-to-end,
IP+Optical networking strategy that gives ser-
vice providers and enterprises intelligent opti-
cal infrastructures that meet these flexible,
high-speed application requirements. The Light of the New World The Cisco IP+Optical network solution
provides the foundation for enabling four
major trends in networking today: the
explosive growth of broadband and mobile
access, voice and circuit integration into
packet networks, Internet-scale deployment,
and content and services delivery. Broadband and mobile access—The expo- nential growth in aggregate bandwidth of
access networks is driving a need for more
bandwidth in the metropolitan-area network
(MAN). Service providers must accommo-
date this growth with greater capacity—and
fast. Next-generation SONET/SDH solu-
tions are far easier and faster to provision
than traditional SONET/SDH, while new
dense wavelength-division multiplexing
(DWDM) solutions are now optimized for
MAN deployments at a reasonable cost.
Voice and circuit integration—The integra-
tion of voice and other circuit-based services
into packet networks is inevitable. Yet they
are also the primary source of service
provider revenues today. Therefore, service
providers need networks that continue to
enable traditional voice and leased-line ser-
vices while laying the foundation for
advanced new IP services.
Internet-scale deployment—Service pro-
viders desperately need new tools to dra- matically lower the cost and time it cur-
rently takes to provision new services. By
automating labor-intensive, manual func-
tions and eliminating truck rolls, such
tools drastically reduce costs and make it
possible to rapidly deploy new services in
an Internet-scale, mass market.
Content and services delivery—The heart
of the Internet beats with information.
New content and service delivery solutions
make it possible to support new applica-
tions that take advantage of broadband
access services and enable profitable new
services such as application hosting, mul-
ticast, and video on demand. IP+Optical Architecture A Cisco IP+Optical network has three pri-
mary components: the MAN or metro, the
service point of presence (POP), and the
long-haul optical core (see figure). The metro network connects users to C I S C O I P + O P T I C A L A R C H I T E C T U R E 1. Core to edge migration
2. DS3 to OC-192 aggregation
3. Peering and transit
4. Metro Ethernet 1. High-density DS0 to DS3 aggregation Cisco 12000 Series Internet Router Cisco 12000 Series Internet Router Cisco 10000 Edge Routing Core Routing Optical Core Transport Metro Cisco 7200 Dynamic Packet Transport Ring Cisco 7500 Cisco
7600 OSR Next-Generation SONET Ring OC-192c/ STM-64c Cisco 12416 Internet Router Cisco ONS 15454 Cisco ONS 15454 Cisco ONS 15327 Cisco ONS 15800 ?1 ? n LIGHTING THE NEW WORLD: Combining the capacity of optical networking with the intelligence of IP, Cisco IP+Optical solutions give service providers a robust foundation for delivering profitable, value-added services to business and consumer subscribers. The end-to-end architecture has three components: the
metropolitan-area network, the service point of presence (edge routing), and the long-haul optical core. Written by Gail Meredith (gmeredit@sonic.net), a
contributing editor for Packet magazine. Reprinted with permission from Packet™ magazine (Volume 13, No. 2), copyright © 2001 by Cisco Systems,Inc. All rights reserved. 10B_IP+Optical.txxp 4/24/01 08:37 AM Page 62 services. Business and residential subscribers
connect to the metro network using a vari-
ety of technologies, including dial, ISDN,
cable modem, Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL), wireless, leased-line services, Frame
Relay, ATM, or most recently, 100-Mbps
and Gigabit Ethernet. The metro network
aggregates customer traffic from multiple
access points and connects customers to ser-
vices in the POP. The metro network must
be able to carry packets, cells, wavelengths,
or any combination thereof. The service POP is where most of the IP and application intelligence resides. It is
the hub for high-value, packet-based
Internet services such as Web-based con-
tent, virtual private network (VPN) ser-
vices, application hosting, cached content,
video, and of course, Internet service
provider (ISP) services. It is also the tran-
sit and peering point into the long-haul
core. The service POP is also where most
high-performance routing and grooming
takes place. The long-haul optical core is an inter- city network designed for efficient, very
high-speed transport. The traditional
SONET/SDH ring architecture that dom-
inates the core today was originally
designed for predictable voice traffic and is
proving expensive for data transport.
DWDM has altered the core landscape by
exponentially increasing fiber capacity to
meet the ever-increasing need for band-
width. Cisco continues to develop tech-
nologies that can further optimize the
capabilities of the core network. The Cisco IP+Optical network solution changes the rules, solving several problems
associated with legacy optical infrastruc-
tures. Unlike traditional SONET/SDH,
most Cisco IP+Optical platforms can sup-
port a variety of interface types—such as
Ethernet, ATM, and DWDM—at speeds
ranging from DS0 to OC-192/STM-64.
This versatility reduces the number of boxes
required compared to a traditional
SONET/SDH infrastructure. “Traditional
SONET networks present significant chal-
lenges because they are complex, slow to
build, and expensive,” says Farnsworth. Next, technologies such as Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT) reduce the number
of functional “layers” required to operate a
fiber network, thus lowering operations costs.
Automated provisioning features reduce the
number of steps required to provision a ser-
vice, further lowering costs while signifi-
cantly accelerating service velocity. “Some
IP+Optical platforms take all of 20 minutes
to provision from the carton to service acti-
vation,” states Farnsworth. “In a world where
provisioning used to take weeks, these factors
represent a radical shift in the economics of
optical networking.” By lowering their operating costs, service providers can offer services to enterprises at
a much lower cost than they could with tra-
ditional optical networks and still realize a
healthy profit. Putting It Together Cisco’s IP+Optical strategy incorporates four
complementary development efforts that
combine to deliver a solution portfolio that
meets the requirements of forward-thinking
service provider and enterprise networks: Adding optical technology to IP platforms
Continuing IP and data integration on
optical platforms
Developing an open, standards-based uni-
fied control plane (UCP) to further speed
deployment and increase efficiencies of
IP+Optical networks
Consolidating network management tools
used for IP and optical elements IP Platforms The latest advancements in the IP arena
are the Cisco 12410 and Cisco 12416
Internet routers with 10-gigabit optical
interfaces and the 7600 Optical Services
Router (OSR). The Cisco 12410 and
12416 are the newest members of the
Cisco 12000 series, the world’s most
popular family of Internet data center
(IDC) and high-speed IP backbone
routers. Their distributed processing
architecture is highly scalable, and the
addition of 10-gigabit per second (Gbps)
OC-192c/STM-64c optical interfaces
makes them ideal for transit and peering
at the edge of the optical core (see “10G:
It’s Here,” page 42). The Cisco 7600 OSR, based on the Catalyst ® 6500 family, delivers high-value IP network services to the optical edge,
including a complete lineup of quality-of-
service mechanisms in hardware for ultra
high performance. Its highly flexible
architecture makes it suitable for consol-
idated POPs, WAN connections from
the customer premises, aggregation in
the MAN, and service delivery in the
IDC (see “Service at the Speed of Light,”
page 39). Optical Platforms Cisco offers several optical transport
technologies, including supercharged
SONET/SDH solutions, DPT, and
DWDM platforms. The staple compo-
nent of the Cisco SONET/SDH metro
network is the Cisco ONS 15454 Optical
Transport Platform and its related products
(see “SONET Supercharged,” page 35).
The newest addition to the Cisco optical
transport portfolio is the Cisco ONS
15327 Metro Edge Optical Platform,
which delivers the same functionality and
multiple interface options of the Cisco
ONS 15454 in a smaller size for the metro
network edge or customer premises. DPT is available on several platforms, including the Cisco 12000, 7200, and ONS
15190. DPT is suitable for both large service
POPs and data-optimized metro rings,
while supercharged SONET/SDH adapts
existing metro SONET/SDH infrastruc-
tures for data, voice, and video transport.
Both technologies offer significant techni-
cal and economic advantages over traditional
SONET/SDH solutions. DWDM was invented to ease fiber exhaust in the long-haul core; now the
technology has been adapted and priced for
the metro with the introduction of the
Cisco ONS 15200 series. Because DWDM
is a Layer 1 technology, providers can build
either a DPT or next-generation SONET
network atop a DWDM framework to curb
fiber exhaust in the MAN. The traditional long-haul optical core architecture is a ring-based, four-layer “club
sandwich” of components: DWDM, then CISCO SYSTEMS S E CO N D Q UA RTE R 2 0 0 1 PAC K E T 63 Continued on page 65 Reprinted with permission from Packet™ magazine (Volume 13, No. 2), copyright © 2001 by Cisco Systems,Inc. All rights reserved. 10B_IP+Optical.txxp 4/24/01 08:37 AM Page 63 ATM, then SONET, then IP. The long-haul
optical core has been enhanced with the Cisco
ONS 15800 DWDM Platform, which
brings substantially greater capacity to each
individual fiber by simultaneously sending
data via different wavelengths. Cisco is inves-
tigating technologies that will eliminate the
“club sandwich” in favor of a more efficient
mesh-based architecture. IP+Optical Unified Control Plane Despite using the most advanced laser pho-
tonics technology available, today’s optical
networks suffer from old-world provisioning
and management methods. In optical trans-
port networks, devices make forwarding
decisions based on time slots, wavelengths,
or physical ports, and are therefore unable to
forward data based on information carried
within packet or cell headers. Real-time
provisioning does not exist. Optical path-
ways are nailed up by hand, segment by seg-
ment—a time-consuming proposition.
There is no traffic engineering at the opti-
cal layer. Restoration among multiple layers
is uncoordinated. Fortunately, IP networks hold the key to solving these challenges. IP routing proto-
cols automatically provision and restore
pathways. Multiprotocol Label Switching
(MPLS) has emerged as the most scalable
Layer 3 mechanism for separating traffic
into VPNs and for traffic engineering. Its
label-based paradigm has the unique advan-
tage of separating the control and forward-
ing planes in both routed IP and IP+ATM
networks. This creates a network provi-
sioning and engineering framework that is
independent of the transport layer and net-
work elements. MPLS simplifies network
design and operation, dramatically increases
service velocity, and significantly reduces
provisioning costs. Cisco is driving the development of a new control plane standard, Multiprotocol
Lambda Switching (MP S), which is
based on IP and MPLS. The MP S-based
Unified Control Plane (UCP) makes IP the
unifying force in the next generation of
high-bandwidth, optical networks. With a
single control plane provisioning optical
network elements, service providers and enterprises alike can enjoy a faster, simpli-
fied service provisioning process with fewer
mistakes. The UCP makes the IP and optical layers of the network aware of and able to talk with
one another. It brings the connectionless
characteristics and automated provisioning
features of IP down to the optical transport
layer. It streamlines the number of functional
layers required, allowing removal of many areas of functional overlap—a key issue with
traditional SONET/SDH networks. The
UCP also enables a shift toward mesh-based
optical networks (especially in the long-haul
core) that support rapid, end-to-end provi-
sioning, fast path restoration, and the band-
width efficiencies of meshed architectures
(see “Taking Control,” page 93). Aside from providing IP-like visibility into the optical layers of the network, the
UCP substantially reduces the number of
protocols. Today, engineers have to be
experts in at least three protocol suites—
Private Network-Network Interface (PNNI)
for ATM, centralized mainframe software for
digital cross connects, and Open Shortest
Path First (OSPF) and Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP) for IP. And that’s the short
list. Because operations typically represent 60
to 70 percent of the overall cost of running a
network, reducing the number of protocols
that engineers must touch has a direct impact
on operating costs. Network Management Cisco IP and IP+ATM service provider
networks are managed via components of the Cisco Service Management (CSM)
suite. It is no different for Cisco IP+Optical
networks. Continuing its strategy of pro-
viding modular management applications
that integrate with existing, standards-based
OSS systems, Cisco offers tools developed
in-house, as well as in conjunction with
ecosystem partners, to enable a rich, cus-
tomizable management infrastructure. Cisco
Transport Manager (CTM) is an element
management system (EMS) for Cisco ONS
15000 series products. The Cisco Element
Management Framework provides a com-
mon interface to EMS applications such as
the GSR Manager for the Cisco 12000
series. Key higher-layer applications that
interface with these EMS applications are
Cisco VPN Solution Center, which enables
rapid provisioning of VPN services based on
MPLS, and Cisco Provisioning Center,
which supports end-to-end provisioning
across multiple Cisco technologies. Cambrian Communications, a wholesale service provider based in Fairfax, Virginia,
plans to use Cisco Transport Manager as part
of its Internet operations support system
(OSS) when it turns up wavelength services
later this year. “Provisioning is point and click, A to Z. CTM transparently lays the pathway where
a signal might pass through several DWDM
boxes getting from one end to the other,” says
Bruce Kostreski, chief technology officer and
senior vice president of engineering at
Cambrian. “If I wanted to provision an OC-3
circuit between any two points or take an
OC-48 circuit, break it up and send it to
four cities, CTM makes that very easy and
straightforward. I like having one network
management system that’s talking to all the
boxes so I can get circuits turned up in
short order.” Lighting the Way When service providers adopt an IP+Optical
networking strategy, both they and their
enterprise customers will reap substantial
benefits from a radical shift in the economics
of optical networking. “Service providers can enter new markets more quickly with an infrastructure that is CISCO SYSTEMS S E CO N D Q UA RT E R 2 0 0 1 PAC K E T 65 “I like having one network management system that’s talking to all the boxes so I can get circuits turned up in short order. ” — B R U C E KO S T R E S K I , C T O A N D S E N I O R V P O F E N G I N E E R I N G C A M B R I A N C O M M U N I C AT I O N S Intelligent Light , Continued from page 63 Continued on page 103 Reprinted with permission from Packet™ magazine (Volume 13, No. 2), copyright © 2001 by Cisco Systems,Inc. All rights reserved. 10B_IP+Optical.txxp 4/24/01 08:37 AM Page 65 intelligent and responsive to change,” says
Farnsworth. “They will find it less expensive
to provision and maintain their infrastruc-
tures, and their higher capacity and intelli-
gence will provide unique foundations for
profitable services.” With its IP+Optical strategy and solu- tions, Cisco combines its IP expertise with
optical technology to light the networks of
the New World. Service providers that provision services through Cisco IP+Optical networks and
enterprise customers that buy those services
can meet the demands of 21st century global
networking, while enjoying the benefits of
much higher service velocities, mission-crit-
ical IP network services such as VPN and
content delivery networking, and far lower
provisioning and operations costs than tradi-
tional optical networks. CISCO SYSTEMS S E CO N D Q UA RT E R 2 0 0 1 PAC K E T 103 ADVERTISER INDEX ADVERTISER URL PAGE @Work work.home.net/t9884.html 46 ADC Telecommunications www.adc.com 26 ADTRAN www.adtran.com 14 American Power Conversion (APC) www.apcc.com 9 Apogee Networks, Inc. www.apogeenetworks.com 50 Ascolta Training Company www.ascolta.com 82 AT&T www.att.com/emea/vpn 34 BMC Software www.bmc.com 28 Cable & Wireless www.gettheconnection.com 30 Canary Communications www.canarycom.com 16 Cisco Press www.ciscopress.com B, 48 Colorado Computer Training Institute (CCTI) www.ccti.com F Counterpane Internet Security www.counterpane.com A CRYPTOCard www.cryptocard.com 10 Custom Cable Industries www.customcable.com 86 CyberStateU.com www.cyberstateu.com 68 DalTech, Dalhousie University www.dal.ca/internetworking 55 Genuity www.genuity.com/blackrocket 64 Global Knowledge am.globalknowledge.com IFC Globix www.globix.com 92 Horizon-MTS www.horizon-mts.com 4 Infonet www.infonet.com Back Cover Integrated Research www.ir.com 18/19 ISI www.isi-info.com 22 KnowledgeNet www.knowledgenet.com 2 Mind CTI www.mindcti.com 88 NetOptics www.netoptics.com 66 netViz www.netviz.com 70 Panduit www.panduit.com IBC Platform Computing www.platform.com 24 PRISM Innovations www.prisminnovations.com 98 ReadyRouter.com www.readyrouter.com D Skyline Computer Corporation www.skylinecomputer.com 52 Solsoft` www.solsoft.com 94 Superior Modular Products www.superiormod.com 38 SurfControl www.surfcontrol.com 13 Verado www.verado.com 44 VUE www.vue.com 100 Websense www.websense.com 80 Xacct Technologies www.xacct.com 74 Intelligent Light , Continued from page 65 For more information on Cisco’s IP+Optical strategy and solutions, visit the URL cisco.com/go/optical . F U R T H E R R E A D I N G Coming Third Calendar Quarter 2001 Next- Generation Networks Not a subscriber? Sign up for your FREE subscription! www.ciscopacket.com cisco.com /go/packet Reprinted with permission from Packet™ magazine (Volume 13, No. 2), copyright © 2001 by Cisco Systems,Inc. All rights reserved. 105_continued.txp 4/24/01 09:08 AM Page 103